WEBVTT 1 00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:09.000 STEREOTYPE OF A HEARING PERSON IN SIGN LANGUAGES 2 00:00:13.000 --> 00:00:20.000 Thank you, let me start. My topic is Stereotype of a hearing person in CzSL. 3 00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:28.000 In the morning, Ms Va?ková also discussed the topic of stereotypes. 4 00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:34.000 She mentioned e.g. CzSL signs for the Roma, gypsy. 5 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:40.000 I'll now discuss stereotypes from the perspective of the Deaf. 6 00:00:40.500 --> 00:00:46.500 First, I want to show you how stereotypes are used in CzSL. 7 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:55.000 My research is in its beginning stages, I chose stereotypes as my thesis topic. 8 00:00:56.000 --> 00:01:03.000 I only used a small sample but I want to share my findings with you. 9 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:09.000 Stereotypes linked to a hearing person: 10 00:01:10.080 --> 00:01:17.000 It means that our Deaf community, when in contact with the hearing, 11 00:01:17.300 --> 00:01:22.000 perceive them from a different perspective. 12 00:01:22.500 --> 00:01:29.500 We live together in the same place, we perceive each other in a certain way, 13 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:33.000 we have certain concepts in mind, 14 00:01:33.500 --> 00:01:38.300 and we use stereotypical designations about each other. 15 00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:42.000 These designations can be negative. 16 00:01:42.300 --> 00:01:46.000 Those are much more numerous than the positive ones. 17 00:01:46.300 --> 00:01:51.000 We'll talk about it later. There are also positive designations. 18 00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:02.000 At the picture, we can imagine what this stereotype of a hearing person means. 19 00:02:02.500 --> 00:02:08.000 It means I perceive the hearing according to their appearance, 20 00:02:08.300 --> 00:02:13.000 what they look like, what they wear, how they behave, what they are like. 21 00:02:13.300 --> 00:02:19.000 And also according to their personality, how I feel about them in general. 22 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:27.000 I was thinking how to divide my results into categories. 23 00:02:28.000 --> 00:02:34.000 I decided to use categories according to the psychologist Pr?cha. 24 00:02:34.500 --> 00:02:39.000 And I chose three of his terms for my main categories 25 00:02:39.300 --> 00:02:45.000 that are well suited to the stereotype of a hearing person in CzSL. 26 00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:58.000 There are different kinds of stereotypes. 27 00:02:59.000 --> 00:03:05.000 If we have sample material, we can either focus on the group's culture, 28 00:03:05.300 --> 00:03:12.300 on their language or on typical personality traits of these people. 29 00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:22.000 Storytelling is a significant tradition typical for the Deaf culture. 30 00:03:22.500 --> 00:03:27.000 It represented a rich source of material I used for my research. 31 00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:32.000 Through storytelling, the Deaf explain very well 32 00:03:32.300 --> 00:03:37.000 what they think about the hearing. 33 00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:44.000 The typical example is: The Deaf say about the hearing 34 00:03:44.300 --> 00:03:49.300 that they just sputter and speak all the time. 35 00:03:50.000 --> 00:03:54.000 The stereotype is that of the "sputtering people". 36 00:03:54.200 --> 00:03:56.400 That's how we really perceive it. 37 00:03:57.000 --> 00:04:01.000 When I want to communicate with a hearing person, 38 00:04:01.200 --> 00:04:05.300 the hearing person is trying to articulate as much as possible. 39 00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:10.000 That's exactly the stereotype. I put her/him into my group (a). 40 00:04:10.200 --> 00:04:14.200 That's the one who's sputtering at me, the hearing person. 41 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:32.000 I was thinking where to get the material for my research. 42 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:37.000 Because sign languages do not have any written form. 43 00:04:37.500 --> 00:04:41.000 So I don't have this advantage of spoken languages. 44 00:04:41.300 --> 00:04:47.000 I can't use phraseology, we don't have any terminology in dictionaries. 45 00:04:47.500 --> 00:04:51.000 There are only few sign language dictionaries. 46 00:04:51.500 --> 00:04:58.500 Therefore, I had to use different material available to me. 47 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:06.000 I filmed the Deaf and used their intuitive self-reflection. 48 00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:12.000 I analyzed the videos and drew my conclusions from the analysis. 49 00:05:12.500 --> 00:05:17.000 Looking at the slide, one category by the psychologist Pr?cha 50 00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:24.000 could be a "projected stereotype", it's called projected autostereotype. 51 00:05:26.500 --> 00:05:33.500 I'm looking into how our Deaf community thinks the hearing perceive us. 52 00:05:36.500 --> 00:05:39.000 I'll give you an example. 53 00:05:40.000 --> 00:05:47.000 We think that the hearing think we are dumb, that we can't do anything. 54 00:05:47.300 --> 00:05:49.500 That we are primitive. 55 00:05:49.700 --> 00:05:54.400 That we are complaining all the time, we are stupid and have no language. 56 00:05:54.600 --> 00:05:57.300 That's what we think they think about us. 57 00:06:05.300 --> 00:06:12.300 And vice versa. That's the second example in this group. 58 00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:16.500 What we think about the hearing. 59 00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:23.000 We think they have power over us, they try to manipulate us. 60 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:28.500 They want to sell us hearing aids, interpret for us, thus make a profit. 61 00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:52.000 I'll now focus on the second point, a simple heterostereotype. 62 00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:59.000 It's the approach of the Deaf community towards the majority hearing society. 63 00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:03.000 That's what we think about the hearing. 64 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:11.200 E.g. the Deaf think the hearing are those esteemed, clever people 65 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:19.000 who know everything, fix everything, who know how to deal with everything. 66 00:07:19.500 --> 00:07:24.500 They are like gods for us. We trust them and we admire them. 67 00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:37.000 Or they are those normal ones, compared to us, the Deaf. 68 00:07:49.500 --> 00:07:55.500 The third point is a projected heterostereotype. 69 00:07:55.800 --> 00:08:02.500 It means we, the Deaf, think the hearing take advantage of us. 70 00:08:04.500 --> 00:08:09.000 We think they judge us, they think something about us. 71 00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:22.000 We, the Deaf, think the hearing perceive themselves 72 00:08:22.400 --> 00:08:27.000 as people who can deal with anything. 73 00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:31.000 I'll give you an example. 74 00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:43.000 We think the hearing boast they do their best for the Deaf, 75 00:08:43.500 --> 00:08:47.500 They say: "We help the Deaf, we want the best for them." 76 00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:51.200 "Thanks to us, they can realize their potential." 77 00:08:51.500 --> 00:08:54.580 That's what we think they think about themselves. 78 00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:06.000 And we think the hearing are sure it's perfectly fine what they're doing. 79 00:09:06.500 --> 00:09:13.500 They don't realize it's not always fine. They never ask us whether it is or not. 80 00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:21.000 I took these 3 categories and researched further the stereotype of the hearing. 81 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:40.000 Cognitive linguistics can look at the stereotype from 2 perspectives. 82 00:09:40.200 --> 00:09:44.400 The first perspective is the ethnic and physical characteristics. 83 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.000 And the second perspective considers the people's jobs. 84 00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.000 The Deaf share the same experience. 85 00:10:04.500 --> 00:10:11.500 Because they encounter the same barriers and share the same language: CzSL 86 00:10:11.800 --> 00:10:16.000 in the Czech Republic, they have the same life experiences. 87 00:10:16.300 --> 00:10:21.000 The Deaf have different experiences than the hearing. 88 00:10:21.500 --> 00:10:27.700 This appears then in their communication, in storytelling etc. 89 00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:34.000 Let's analyze this material. 90 00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:42.000 We discover stereotypes are present in CzSL. 91 00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:48.500 The sign language may seem like a primitive language. 92 00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:53.500 Signing may not seem a proper language, compared to spoken languages. 93 00:10:54.000 --> 00:10:59.000 It may then seem a signing person is not a proper person. 94 00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:05.000 That's how we think the hearing majority perceives us. 95 00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:24.000 It is linked to the fact that people use either a spoken or a sign language. 96 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:31.000 The hearing think "Oh, poor Deaf" because they cannot speak. 97 00:11:31.300 --> 00:11:36.600 That's why the Deaf are of lower quality and value than the hearing. 98 00:11:47.600 --> 00:11:54.600 We have to bear in mind what the basis for categorizing stereotypes is. 99 00:11:54.800 --> 00:12:01.800 We can say there are stereotypes of the hearing linked to their jobs. 100 00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:08.000 The Deaf usually meet the hearing in the role of an interpreter, 101 00:12:08.300 --> 00:12:13.300 or a hearing doctor, a speech therapist, a teacher etc. 102 00:12:13.500 --> 00:12:18.500 We then create stereotypes based on these experiences. 103 00:12:19.500 --> 00:12:23.500 They mostly tell us what to do and what we shouldn't do. 104 00:12:23.700 --> 00:12:26.800 Based on this experience we create a stereotype. 105 00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:30.000 Later, when we meet another hearing person, 106 00:12:30.500 --> 00:12:34.000 this stereotype subconsciously appears in our head. 107 00:12:34.500 --> 00:12:38.500 And we suppose this person will behave the same way 108 00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:43.000 as all the hearing people we have met before. 109 00:12:48.500 --> 00:12:52.500 Of course there are also hearing people who try really hard 110 00:12:53.000 --> 00:12:55.500 and we appreciate their efforts. 111 00:12:56.000 --> 00:13:03.000 But they expect us to praise them, to thank for their help automatically. 112 00:13:04.500 --> 00:13:11.500 But very often, we can manage things ourselves and we don't need the help. 113 00:13:13.000 --> 00:13:16.000 Although they think we need it. 114 00:13:16.500 --> 00:13:22.000 Again, it's a stereotype of how they perceive us, what we think they think. 115 00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:34.000 I'll say it one more time, just to be sure. 116 00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:45.500 We often use figurative expressions: you are like a hearing person, 117 00:13:45.800 --> 00:13:49.300 you behave like a hearing person, your Czech is so good. 118 00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:56.500 We say that to well-educated Deaf who are trying to lecture us. 119 00:13:57.500 --> 00:14:03.000 We don't say: "You are one of us, you are Deaf, you understand us." No. 120 00:14:03.500 --> 00:14:09.500 You are rather like one of the hearing. You lecture us, you tell us what to do. 121 00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:14.500 And that's why we consider this Deaf person rather a hearing person. 122 00:14:14.800 --> 00:14:19.700 We put on her/him this stereotypical label of a hearing although s/he's Deaf. 123 00:14:33.700 --> 00:14:37.700 All I've just said is closely linked to the culture. 124 00:14:38.500 --> 00:14:43.500 Now we'll discuss stereotypes in language. 125 00:14:44.500 --> 00:14:48.500 What are the examples of signs for the hearing? 126 00:14:50.500 --> 00:14:56.500 There are neutral signs for the hearing in CzSL. 127 00:14:58.500 --> 00:15:03.000 This is the neutral sign, just next to the ear: a hearing person. 128 00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:13.000 This is the unmarked sign form used in the whole of the Czech Republic. 129 00:15:14.000 --> 00:15:19.000 It is a fixed sign form. 130 00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:24.500 There are also other signs for the hearing. 131 00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:31.000 Different signs are used in different regions. 132 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:36.000 These signs are no longer neutral, they are marked. 133 00:15:36.500 --> 00:15:41.500 The sign form becomes marked by modifying one of its parameters. 134 00:15:41.700 --> 00:15:46.200 I can modify the movement, the place of articulation or the handshape. 135 00:15:46.500 --> 00:15:49.000 I'll show you an example. 136 00:15:50.500 --> 00:15:56.000 I can modify the handshape in the sign for the hearing - like this. 137 00:15:58.500 --> 00:16:01.820 This new sign is marked in a negative way. 138 00:16:03.300 --> 00:16:07.500 The facial expression, handshape and faster movement I use 139 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:13.300 show how this stereotype of the hearing is present in my mind. 140 00:16:23.000 --> 00:16:30.000 In my research, I found out the Deaf often use this sign for the hearing. 141 00:16:30.300 --> 00:16:36.000 It means those hearing, those far away, those who aren't part of my community. 142 00:16:36.500 --> 00:16:40.000 I'll use the handshape "5". 143 00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:47.000 It means I'm putting them away from me, it's them, those hearing. 144 00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:53.000 The sign is articulated away from my body, I don't identify with them. 145 00:16:53.500 --> 00:16:58.000 You can see there the "own-foreign" opposition. 146 00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:12.500 In my research I focused on the modification of the sign. 147 00:17:12.800 --> 00:17:15.000 Consider this sign for the hearing. 148 00:17:17.000 --> 00:17:24.000 The sign is articulated near the head, the ear, so it is linked to hearing. 149 00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:33.000 The movement shows how the sound is going towards the ear and into it. 150 00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:42.000 This is the handshape. I was wondering why we use a "D" shape for the hearing. 151 00:17:44.020 --> 00:17:51.020 And why the sign for the Deaf is similar but with 2 fingers, so a "P" handshape. 152 00:17:54.020 --> 00:17:59.020 And why the sign for the blind has the same handshape as one for the Deaf. 153 00:17:59.500 --> 00:18:01.020 It's very interesting. 154 00:18:04.300 --> 00:18:09.500 This handshape that differs from the one in the sign for the hearing 155 00:18:09.700 --> 00:18:14.000 is often seen in signs with negative connotations. 156 00:18:14.500 --> 00:18:20.000 For example, the sign for a plaster has the same handshape. 157 00:18:20.300 --> 00:18:24.500 And a plaster is used to cover a wound, something that hurts. 158 00:18:24.700 --> 00:18:28.100 The same handshape is used in the sign for the blind. 159 00:18:28.300 --> 00:18:33.300 Again, it refers to something that doesn't work, is broken. 160 00:18:33.800 --> 00:18:39.600 So we can say that this handshape has negative connotations. 161 00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:49.000 Facial expressions and non-manual markers are of great importance. 162 00:18:49.500 --> 00:18:52.800 How much time do I have left? Thank you. 163 00:18:58.000 --> 00:19:03.100 I've been talking about stereotypes in language. 164 00:19:03.500 --> 00:19:09.000 And now I'd like to point out that stereotypes are very popular in jokes. 165 00:19:09.200 --> 00:19:10.900 Jokes made among the Deaf. 166 00:19:11.100 --> 00:19:15.700 This proves stereotypes are indeed present in CzSL. 167 00:19:16.100 --> 00:19:21.500 I chose one joke with this stereotype of a hearing person. 168 00:19:21.800 --> 00:19:25.000 It is in CzSL and I have it on a video. 169 00:19:25.500 --> 00:19:30.200 But we don't have much time left so I'll only summarize it. 170 00:19:31.000 --> 00:19:36.000 The main idea is the Deaf mock the hearing. 171 00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:48.500 There are three people on a train, it is a long journey. 172 00:19:48.600 --> 00:19:52.600 There is a Russian, he takes out of his bag a bottle of vodka, 173 00:19:52.650 --> 00:19:57.350 he drinks some and when he's done, he throws the bottle out of the window. 174 00:19:57.400 --> 00:20:01.400 The other two ask: "Why did you do that? It's such a waste..." 175 00:20:01.600 --> 00:20:08.000 He says: "Don't worry, we have so much vodka in Russia, 1 bottle is nothing." 176 00:20:17.500 --> 00:20:20.500 The second passenger is from Cuba. 177 00:20:21.500 --> 00:20:26.000 He takes out a luxurious Cuban cigar, he smokes some of it 178 00:20:26.500 --> 00:20:30.600 and when he's done, he throws the rest of it out of the window. 179 00:20:30.700 --> 00:20:35.500 The other two say: "It's such a waste, you could have given us some of it." 180 00:20:35.600 --> 00:20:39.000 He says: "Don't worry, we have so many cigars in Cuba 181 00:20:39.100 --> 00:20:42.100 If I throw out just 1 of them, nothing happens." 182 00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:51.000 The third passenger is a Deaf person. 183 00:20:51.300 --> 00:20:56.500 He watches the other 2 throwing things out of the window, wondering what to do. 184 00:20:56.700 --> 00:21:01.150 He grabs a hearing passer-by and throws him out of the window. 185 00:21:01.300 --> 00:21:04.150 The other 2: "Why on earth did you do that?" 186 00:21:04.300 --> 00:21:09.350 "With so many hearing people globally, nothing happens if there's one fewer." 187 00:21:19.300 --> 00:21:22.800 We can see the stereotype here. 188 00:21:25.620 --> 00:21:27.660 I'll get back to it. 189 00:21:29.660 --> 00:21:35.720 The Deaf person said: With so many hearing people, he can throw one out. 190 00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:42.000 That's exactly the stereotype, how the Deaf perceive the hearing. 191 00:21:42.500 --> 00:21:45.600 How we perceive the majority society. 192 00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:51.000 We have the impression they abuse us, despise us, think we are dumb. 193 00:21:51.300 --> 00:21:56.300 By this joke we want to show them that we are not afraid of them. 194 00:21:56.420 --> 00:21:59.800 If there are fewer of them, we don't really mind. 195 00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.440 This is the stereotypical view of the hearing in CzSL. 196 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:13.000 I have an impression this stereotype slightly differs from the one 197 00:22:13.280 --> 00:22:16.600 mentioned by Ms Va?ková in the morning. 198 00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:23.000 Because e.g. gypsies are perceived differently in each country. 199 00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:27.600 But if you take into account the Deaf and the hearing, 200 00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:32.000 they have similar experience all over the world. 201 00:22:32.200 --> 00:22:36.000 The Deaf keep in touch, live together and cooperate. 202 00:22:36.200 --> 00:22:39.300 That's why the stereotype is slightly different.